McKinsey June 30, 2025
A pragmatic look at what general-purpose robots can—and can’t yet—do in the workplace.
From C-3PO’s polished diplomacy to R2-D2’s battlefield heroics, robots have long captured our imagination. Today, what was once confined to science fiction is inching toward industrial reality. General-purpose robots, powered by increasingly capable embodied AI, are being tested in warehouses, factories, hospitals, and fields. And unlike previous generations of robots, they’re not just performing a single preprogrammed task but adapting to dynamic environments, learning new motions, and even following verbal commands.
Much of the current buzz centers on humanoids—robots that resemble people—whose recent exploits include running marathons and performing backflips. General-purpose robots also come in many other forms, however, including those that rely on four legs or...
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