Health Affairs November 1, 2025
Daniel R. Arnold and Brent D. Fulton

Abstract

During the past several decades, physicians have transitioned from small, physician-owned practices to larger practices owned by corporations such as hospitals, private equity firms, and health insurers. UnitedHealth Group, the largest US health care company by revenue, sells insurance products under the UnitedHealthcare brand while providing health care services under the Optum brand, which has more than 90,000 aligned physicians. Although there are benefits to insurer-physician integration, potential concerns include regulatory gaming of the medical loss ratio and partial foreclosure of rival physician practices. This...

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