Health Affairs October 3, 2025
The world stands at a crossroads. In May 2025, the 78th World Health Assembly adopted the World Health Organization (WHO) Pandemic Agreement, an ambitious yet fragile step for global cooperation. It comes at a moment when nationalism, underfunding, and weakened multilateralism threaten collective health security. The COVID-19 pandemic exposed these fractures: inequitable vaccine access, fragmented responses, and the exclusion of low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) from decision-making. Against this backdrop, the WHO Pandemic Agreement was developed and finally adopted in 2025, three years after its inception. With commitments to equity, solidarity, and shared preparedness, the Agreement sets a promising foundation for progress in global health. Provisions such as the Pathogen Access and Benefit-Sharing (PABS) system and the Global Supply Chain...







