McKinsey December 2, 2024
Bawcom and Matt Fitzpatrick, with Chi Wai Cheung, Dan Collins, and Dante Gabrielli

Gen AI agents are starting to deliver breakthrough value, but only when companies figure out how to build and orchestrate hundreds of them.

At the heart of virtually every large organization is a massive anchor slowing a business down: the tech debt found in legacy IT systems. Often built decades ago, these large systems form the technical backbone of companies and functions across almost every sector. As much as 70 percent of the software used by Fortune 500 companies was developed 20 or more years ago (see sidebar “What are legacy systems, and how do they hold organizations back?”).

Modernizing these aging systems and paying down tech debt have traditionally been considered an “IT problem,” and business leaders have been...

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