Forbes November 11, 2024
Robert Pearl, M.D.

Artificial intelligence has long been heralded as a transformative force in medicine. Yet, until recently, its potential has remained largely unfulfilled.

Consider the story of MYCIN, a “rule-based” AI system developed in the 1970s at Stanford University to help diagnose infections and recommend antibiotics. Though MYCIN showed early promise, it relied on rigid, predetermined rules and lacked the flexibility to handle unexpected or complex cases that arise in real-world medicine. Ultimately, the technology of the time couldn’t match the nuanced judgment of skilled clinicians, and MYCIN never achieved widespread clinical use.

Fast forward to 2011, when IBM’s Watson gained global notoriety by besting renowned Jeopardy! champions Ken Jennings and Brad Rutter. Soon after, IBM applied Watson’s vast computing power to...

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